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| Alfred C. Maldonado, Ph.D., 21st Century Sociologist! |
| Human/Cultural Development |
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American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS):
AAAS seeks to "advance science and innovation throughout the world for the benefit of all people." To fulfill this mission, the AAAS Board has set the following broad goals:
· Foster communication among scientists, engineers and the public;
· Enhance international cooperation in science and its applications;
· Promote the responsible conduct and use of science and technology;
· Foster education in science and technology for everyone;
· Enhance the science and technology workforce and infrastructure;
· Increase public understanding and appreciation of science and technology; and
· Strengthen support for the science and technology enterprise.
...consider what "theory" means, as the word is properly used in the sciences. Physicist Alan H. Cromer, in his 1993 book, Uncommon Sense: The Heretical Nature of Science, reminds us that a theory is not to be confused with "an idea tentatively held for the purposes of argument--that we call a hypothesis. Rather, a theory is a set of logically consistent abstract principles that explain a body of concrete facts." Evolution is firmly based on just such a logical structure and is therefore every bit as certain as the existence of atoms.
American Association for the Advancement of Science Board
Resolution on Intelligent Design Theory
October 18, 2002
The contemporary theory of biological evolution is one of the most robust products of scientific inquiry. It is the foundation for research in many areas of biology as well as an essential element of science education. To become informed and responsible citizens in our contemporary technological world, students need to study the theories and empirical evidence central to current scientific understanding.
Over the past several years proponents of so-called "intelligent design theory," also known as ID, have challenged the accepted scientific theory of biological evolution. As part of this effort they have sought to introduce the teaching of "intelligent design theory" into the science curricula of the public schools. The movement presents "intelligent design theory" to the public as a theoretical innovation, supported by scientific evidence, that offers a more adequate explanation for the origin of the diversity of living organisms than the current scientifically accepted theory of evolution. In response to this effort, individual scientists and philosophers of science have provided substantive critiques of "intelligent design," demonstrating significant conceptual flaws in its formulation, a lack of credible scientific evidence, and misrepresentations of scientific facts.
Recognizing that the "intelligent design theory" represents a challenge to the quality of science education, the Board of Directors of the AAAS unanimously adopts the following resolution:
Whereas, ID proponents claim that contemporary evolutionary theory is incapable of explaining the origin of the diversity of living organisms;
Whereas, to date, the ID movement has failed to offer credible scientific evidence to support their claim that ID undermines the current scientifically accepted theory of evolution;
Whereas, the ID movement has not proposed a scientific means of testing its claims;
Therefore Be It Resolved, that the lack of scientific warrant for so-called "intelligent design theory" makes it improper to include as a part of science education;
Therefore Be Further It Resolved, that AAAS urges citizens across the nation to oppose the establishment of policies that would permit the teaching of "intelligent design theory" as a part of the science curricula of the public schools;
Therefore Be It Further Resolved, that AAAS calls upon its members to assist those engaged in overseeing science education policy to understand the nature of science, the content of contemporary evolutionary theory and the inappropriateness of "intelligent design theory" as subject matter for science education;
Therefore Be Further It Resolved, that AAAS encourages its affiliated societies to endorse this resolution and to communicate their support to appropriate parties at the federal, state
and local levels of the government.
Approved by the AAAS Board of Directors on October 18, 2002.

Lots and Lots and Lots of Creationist AND Evolutionist web site.
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Charles Darwin wrote: "THE AFFINITIES of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth. The green and budding twigs may represent existing species; and those produced during each former year may represent the long succession of extinct species . . . The limbs divided into great branches, and these into lesser and lesser branches, were themselves once, when the tree was small, budding twigs; and this connexion of the former and present buds by ramifying branches may well represent the classification of all extinct and living species in groups subordinate to groups . . . From the first growth of the tree, many a limb and branch has decayed and dropped off, and these lost branches of various sizes may represent those whole orders, families, and genera which have now no living representatives, and which are known to us only from having been found in a fossil state . . . As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these, if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications" (Darwin, 1859).
The theory of evolution, formalized by Charles Darwin, is as much theory as is the theory of gravity, or the theory of relativity. Unlike theories of physics, biological theories, and especially evolution, have been argued long and hard in socio-political arenas. Even today, evolution is not often taught in primary schools.
However, evolution is the binding force of all biological research. It is the unifying theme. In paleontology, evolution gives workers a powerful way to organize the remains of past life and better understand the one history of life. The history of thought about evolution in general and paleontological contributions specifically are often useful to the workers of today. Science, like any iterative process, draws heavily from its history.
On The Origin Of Species By Means of Natural Selection, Or The Preservation of Favoured Races In The Struggle For Life. By CHARLES DARWIN, M.A., Fellow of the Royal, Geological, Linnaean, etc, Societies; author of Journal of Researches During H.M.S. Beagle's Voyage Round the World. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1859. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HUMAN EVOLUTION AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN EVOLUTION: Definitions and Process of Human Evolution (Biology, Genetics, Paleoanthropology; Physical Anthropology):
The Basic Process (greatly oversimplied): DNA can change and/or mutate over time in a population :
2. Process of Genetic (DNA) Mutations: a constant random process at the genetic level.
3. Definition and Processes of Natural Selection: Randonness versus Natural Selection (which mutations live and are passed on; and which are not). Natural Selection is the mechanism of Evolution.
4. Dating Methodology
HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT IN THE FOSSIL RECORD: Approximately 6 Million Years BCE (Before the Common Era) to the Present or CE (Common Era):
HOMINIDS:
Australopithecus ramidus
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus robustus
HUMANS
Homo habilis.... first real human
Homoo erectus
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens sapiens...that's us, folks!
TODAY: UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN BEINGS MAKING CULTURE POSSIBLE
PHYSICAL AND ANATOMICAL CHACTERISTICS: (We do not have fur, speed, claws, fangs, strength, etc. of other primates and mammals.)
A. Brain size
B. Erect Posture and BiPedalism
C. Skin and Heat Diffusion
D. Hands and Opposable Thumb
E. Face and Eyes
F. Jaws and Teeth
G. Throat and Position of Larynx
H. Sexual Differentiation-Dimorphism
I Retardation of Maturation
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
A. Cognitive
B. Moods
C. Levels of Consciousness
D. Use of Symols
E. Use of Language
F. Emotions
H. Suspension of Disbelief
I. Conceive Holistically
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:
A. Use and Manipulation of Symbols
B. Language
C. Norms
D. Laws
E. Mores
F. Folkways |
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Hominid Species Timeline Web Site EVOLUTION UPDATE...The Evolution Research Center for Students and Teachers of Biology...EVOLUTION UPDATE is a tool for academic research in evolutionary biology and its associated controversies. |
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THE FOLLOWING WORKS FROM MY PERSONAL LIBRARY ARE AVAILABLE TO MY STUDENTS FOR FURTHER STUDY AND/OR FOR CLASS PRESENTATIONS.
Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea. Carl Zimmer. NYC: HarperCollinsPublishers, 2001. 364 Pages.
The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. Richard G. Klein. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1989. 524 Pages.
Physical Anthropology: Original Readings in Method and Practice. Peter N. Peregrine, Carol R. Ember, & Melvin Ember. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. 280 Pages.
The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age. Richard Rudgley. New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1999. 310 Pages.
The Human Species: An Introduction to Biological Anthropology, Second Edition, by John H. Relethford. Mount View, CA.: Mayfield Publishing Co., 1994, 575 Pages.
Essentials of Physical Anthropology, 3rd Edition, by R. Jurmain, H. Nelson, L. Kilgore and W. Trevathan. Belmont, CA.: West/Wentworth, 1998, 413 Pages.
The Dawn of Human Culture. Richard G. Klein with Blake Edgar. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002. 288 Pages.
Society in PreHistory: The Origins of Human Culture, by Tim Megarry. Washington Square, NY: New York University Press, 1995, 400 Pages.
The Creationist Movement in Modern America, by Raymond Eve & Francis B. Harrold. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991, 234 Pages.
Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology, by Kathy D. Schick & Nicholas Toth. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1993, 350 Pages.
The Wisdom of Bones: In Search of Human Origins, by Alan Walker & Pat Shipman. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1996, 270 Pages.
The Journey from Eden: The Peopling of the World, by Brian M. Fagan. London: Thames & Hudson, Ltd., 1990, 256 Pages.
Human Descent: The Consequences of Ecological Instability, by Rick Potts. NY: Avon Books, 1996, 325 pages.
The Emergence of Agriculture. Bruce D. Smith. NYC: Scientific American Library/HPHLP, 1995. 231 Pages.
Daily Life In Ancient Mesopotamia, by Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat. Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., 1998. 346 Pages. |
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